After defeating France in June 1940, Hitler assumed Britain would sue for peace but ordered his armed forces to prepare for invasion. Hermann Goering assured him that a sustained air assault would destroy the RAF, winning the air superiority needed.
July 1940 saw German planes target shipping in the Channel, drawing the RAF into combat, before radar stations, communications centres and airfields faced round-the-clock bombing in August. The battle reached a climax with attacks on London in September.
Joan 'Elizabeth' Mortimer, Elspeth Henderson and Helen Turner of the WAAF. All three received the Military Medal for courageous conduct during attacks on Biggin Hill airfield. Biggin Hill suffered a total of ten major attacks between 30 Aug and 5 Sept.
A group of pilots of No. 303 (Polish) Squadron RAF return from a sortie. The first Polish squadrons were formed in the summer of 1940. Pilots came from several other countries, including Australia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, New Zealand and the USA.
RAF Duxford was a Sector Station in 12 Group, responsible for defending the Midlands and East Anglia. As the fighting intensified, Duxford's squadrons were called on to support 11 Group's defence of London and the south-east.
Despite incessant attacks, the RAF's defences held. The Luftwaffe could not continue, and in the autumn switched to 'nuisance' raids and night operations. The failure to defeat the RAF convinced Hitler to postpone his invasion plans indefinitely.
Lieutenant Colonel Tim Collins, Commanding Officer of 1st Battalion, The Royal Irish Regiment, 5 March 2003. Lieutenant Colonel Tim Collins subsequently gave a widely reproduced 'eve of battle' address to his Royal Irish troops on 18 March 2003 shortly before the advance into Iraq began. The US led invasion succeeded in toppling Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi regime but marked the beginning of many years of violent insurgency as different groups competed for power.

Lieutenant Colonel Tim Collins, Commanding Officer of 1st Battalion, The Royal Irish Regiment, 5 March 2003. Lieutenant Colonel Tim Collins subsequently gave a widely reproduced 'eve of battle' address to his Royal Irish troops on 18 March 2003 shortly before the advance into Iraq began. The US led invasion succeeded in toppling Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi regime but marked the beginning of many years of violent insurgency as different groups competed for power.
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The end of the Cold War did not bring an end to conflict. Issues such as nationalism, national self-determination, liberation and religion continued to trigger war and instability. In the Gulf War, 1990-1991, an international coalition was formed to liberate Kuwait from an Iraqi invasion. During the 1990s, in ethnically diverse former Yugoslavia, constituent nationalities fought to secure their own states.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, international terrorism appeared to be the greatest threat to global peace. On 11 September 2001, al-Qaeda terrorists launched a series of attacks on the United States. Nearly 3,000 people died. An invasion of Afghanistan, where al-Qaeda’s leader Osama Bin Laden was believed to be sheltering, was launched in October 2001. The regime was replaced, but Taliban insurgents continued to operate and fighting continues today. Osama Bin Laden was finally traced and killed by US Special Forces on 2 May 2011.
In March 2003, the US led a coalition to invade Iraq to disarm the country of suspected weapons of mass destruction. Saddam Hussein was removed, but disorder remained. Violence also came to Britain on 7 July 2005, when London was hit by terrorist attacks.
The Middle East continues to be affected by instability and conflict, both old and new. Tensions between Israel and Palestine remain unresolved. Violence has flared up in several Arab nations, including Libya, as populations have rebelled against long-standing repressive regimes.